Cervical Cancer: Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, And Future Directions

Abstract

Cervical cancer is a preventable yet prevalent malignancy affecting women worldwide,
especially in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare access is limited. Persistent infection with
high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily types 16 and 18, is the leading cause of cervical cancer.
Screening techniques such as Pap smears, HPV DNA testing, and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) are
crucial for early detection. Treatment varies by stage, ranging from surgical interventions for early disease to
chemoradiation and immunotherapy for advanced cases. Prevention through HPV vaccination has shown
significant success, but global disparities in vaccine access and healthcare infrastructure remain significant
barriers. Research advances, including immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and AI-driven diagnostic tools,
provide hope for improved outcomes. Collaborative global efforts are critical to achieving the World Health
Organization's goal of eliminating cervical cancer as a public health issue by 2030.